For centuries, scholars have been captivated by the mysterious Herculaneum scrolls—ancient papyri sealed in ash and lava during the catastrophic eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD. These fragile relics, preserved in the Villa of the Papyri ruins, represent one of the most tantalizing archaeological puzzles in the classical world.

Now, in a breakthrough combining cutting-edge technology and historical scholarship, researchers have successfully identified the author and title of one of these scrolls—a feat never before accomplished with such precision.

Ready to explore the wonders of ancient Italy firsthand? Book your private tour of Pompeii, Herculaneum, and Naples now and uncover history with a local expert by your side.

From Ash to Revelation: What the Scroll Revealed

The scroll in question, labeled PHerc. 172, housed at Oxford’s Bodleian Libraries, has been officially attributed to Philodemus, a Greek philosopher and poet from Gadara (modern-day Jordan). The newly discovered title? On Vices—a treatise exploring human flaws and the cultivation of virtue, rooted in the Epicurean tradition.

Though the work had been known to scholars, this particular scroll had not been read for nearly two millennia and may represent a previously untouched volume from the series.

This milestone earned the research teams a $60,000 prize from the Vesuvius Challenge, an international project aimed at decoding ancient texts using digital tools.

The Power of AI in Decoding the Past

The deciphering process was made possible through artificial intelligence, advanced imaging, and ink-detection algorithms. In July 2024, the scroll was scanned at the Diamond Light Source in Harwell, England—one of the UK’s leading synchrotron facilities.

The resulting data was shared globally, encouraging experts to collaborate in what became a digital race to unlock ancient secrets. Two teams—one led by Sean Johnson and the other by researchers Marcel Roth and Micha Nowak from the University of Würzburg—independently identified the elusive title.

According to Richard Ovenden, Bodleian Librarian, this discovery “demonstrates the transformative impact of AI on the humanities,” offering new ways to bring ancient works back to life without damaging their delicate physical form.

Philodemus and the Ethics of Pleasure

Philodemus (c. 110–30 BCE) was a central figure in the Epicurean school of thought. He emphasized pleasure and tranquility over rigid logic or political ambition. He opposed traditional rhetoric and argued that happiness could be attained through moderation, friendship, and intellectual reflection.

His philosophical writings comprise a large portion of the Villa of the Papyri’s collection, so discovering another scroll he authored came as no surprise to experts, but confirming the title is a significant leap forward.

The scroll’s full title—On Vices and Their Opposite Virtues, and in Whom They Are Found and for What—suggests a systematic exploration of moral character, fitting neatly into the known structure of Philodemus’ ethical works.

A Larger Puzzle Still Unfolding

While the author and title are now known, the scroll’s exact place within the larger On Vices series is still under examination. Some scholars believe the book number could be alpha (Book 1) or delta (Book 4)—a detail that may unlock further insights into Philodemus’ philosophy.

Other volumes in the series are already well-documented, including titles like On Wealth Management (Book 9) and On Arrogance (Book 10). If PHerc. 172 turns out to be the first book, its discovery could reshape scholars’ understanding of how Philodemus framed his ethical doctrine.

“This gives us a fantastic window into his thought process and opens the door to reconstructing the entire series,” said Michael McOsker, papyrologist at University College London.

Why This Matters

Beyond academic circles, this discovery is a testament to how modern innovation can unlock voices from the past, giving new life to ancient wisdom. With many scrolls still unread and ongoing efforts to decode them, Herculaneum may continue to surprise us for decades.

As the Vesuvius Challenge continues to support global efforts to unroll and read the remaining texts digitally, the future looks bright for historians, philosophers, and curious minds alike.

Between Naples and the Amalfi Coast, Sorrento is a strategic base for exploring southern Italy. From ancient ruins and volcano hikes to island getaways and delicious local cuisine, it’s the perfect place to experience the rich history, natural beauty, and flavors of the region.

Looking for a curated way to experience the best of the region?

Book the full-day Sorrento, Pompeii, and Positano Tour — an unforgettable journey that blends history, coastal beauty, and local charm, all in one seamless itinerary.

1. Taste Your Way Through Sorrento’s Old Town

Sorrento’s historic center is a maze of charming alleyways, traditional shops, and local eateries. A guided food tour takes you through top landmarks like Piazza Tasso, the Cloister of San Francesco, the Basilica of Sant’Antonino, and the panoramic Villa Comunale gardens — all while sampling authentic local bites. Most food tours are available both in the morning and afternoon.

2. Cruise the Sorrento Coastline

The Sorrentine Peninsula is famous for its dramatic cliffs and stunning sea views. A boat tour along the coast reveals iconic sights like Marina Grande, Queen Giovanna’s Baths, Punta del Capo, and Mitigliano Beach. Cruises typically include swimming and snorkeling stops and last until the evening, making for a full day on the water.

3. Blast into the Past at Pompeii

Just under an hour from Sorrento, Pompeii is one of the world’s most fascinating archaeological sites. Guided tours with skip-the-line tickets allow visitors to explore the ancient Roman city buried by Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD. It’s best to visit early in the morning or late in the afternoon to avoid the midday heat.

4. Sidestep the Crowds at Herculaneum

Less crowded but equally captivating, Herculaneum offers a quieter alternative to Pompeii. This well-preserved ancient town provides a deep dive into Roman history and is often included in combo tours. Like Pompeii, early or late visits are recommended during the warmer months.

5. Learn to Make Neapolitan Pizza Like a Pro

No trip to Sorrento is complete without mastering the art of pizza. Hands-on cooking classes teach you how to knead, shape, and bake an authentic Neapolitan pizza using traditional ingredients and a wood-fired oven. Classes typically run late morning or late afternoon and end with you enjoying the meal you made.

6. Take a Day Trip to the Amalfi Coast

A short drive from Sorrento brings you to iconic coastal gems like Positano, Amalfi, and Ravello. A day trip by car lets you explore each town at your own pace — sightseeing, shopping, or relaxing at the beach. Most tours depart in the morning and wrap up in the late afternoon.

7. Climb to the Crater Atop Mt. Vesuvius

Europe’s most famous active volcano towers over the Bay of Naples. Guided hikes — or even horseback rides — take you to the crater’s edge, where panoramic views await. Mornings or late afternoons are ideal for this adventure, especially in summer.

8. Explore the Heart of Naples

Naples is a city of contrasts and vibrant culture. In just a few hours, guided tours help you explore key attractions, enjoy local street food, and shop in traditional markets. Plan a morning visit to see the city come alive, then explore freely afterward.

9. Enjoy a Foodie Adventure at a Local Sorrento Farm

The hills around Sorrento are home to family-run farms producing lemons, cheeses, and other regional delicacies. A farm tour — often paired with lunch or dinner — offers a true taste of local life, with fresh products and an authentic countryside setting.

10. Set Sail for Capri

Capri, one of Italy’s most glamorous islands, has been a luxury retreat since Roman times. Private boat tours from Sorrento depart in the morning, often including stops at the Blue Grotto and free time on land to shop and explore Capri’s iconic Piazzetta. Expect to return by late afternoon.

A remarkable discovery has just been made in Pompeii: a nearly life-sized funerary relief depicting a man and a woman, likely a married couple, has been unearthed at the Porta Sarno necropolis. This extraordinary find comes from the “Investigating the Archaeology of Death in Pompeii” research project, a collaboration between the Archaeological Park of Pompeii and the University of Valencia under the scientific direction of Professor Llorenç Alapont.

Ready to step into the wonders of Pompeii yourself?

Enhance your experience by booking our Pompeii, Wine Tasting, and Sorrento Tour. Explore the ancient ruins with a private guide, indulge in local wines, and discover the beauty of Sorrento—all in one unforgettable day!

The newly discovered relief was found during excavations launched in July 2024 in an area previously disturbed by the 1990s construction of the Circumvesuviana railway’s double track. Initial digs in 1998 had already revealed over 50 cremation burials, marked by steles and a funerary arch monument. However, this latest excavation revealed something even more impressive: a monumental tomb featuring a large wall with multiple niches, crowned by the high-relief sculptures of the man and woman.

The craftsmanship is stunning. The woman’s sculpted accessories suggest she may have been a priestess of Ceres, the Roman goddess of agriculture. The refined detail and stylistic features of the relief hint at a Late Republican period origin, making it a rare and invaluable addition to the existing body of Roman funerary art.

The two sculptures have been carefully moved to the Palestra Grande within the Pompeii archaeological site, where they will undergo a meticulous restoration process. Excitingly, visitors will have the unique opportunity to witness parts of the restoration live during the upcoming exhibition, “Being a Woman in Ancient Pompeii,” opening on April 16. This exhibition promises to offer powerful insights into the lives and roles of women in Roman society, with the newly found relief as one of its centerpiece attractions.

Gabriel Zuchtriegel, Director of the Archaeological Park of Pompeii, emphasized the importance of this campaign:

“This excavation is a precious opportunity to expand our research and enhance the areas outside Pompeii’s ancient walls. Thanks to our collaboration with the University of Valencia—who also uncovered the Tomb of Marcus Venerius Secundio a few years ago—we’ve launched a multidisciplinary project that brings together archaeologists, architects, conservators, and anthropologists at every phase.”

This discovery not only enriches our understanding of Roman funerary practices but also adds a deeply human dimension to the ancient city’s history—one that visitors will now be able to admire up close.

Nestled on the stunning Amalfi Coast, Positano is not just a visual delight but a gastronomic paradise. With its rich Mediterranean flavors, fresh seafood, and traditional Italian dishes, Positano’s cuisine offers an unforgettable experience for every traveler. Let’s dive into what makes Positano a must-visit for food lovers.

Traditional Dishes You Must Try

Seafood Specialties

Positano is renowned for its fresh seafood. From grilled fish to calamari, the local restaurants serve dishes that capture the essence of the sea. The “Spaghetti alle Vongole is a must-try,” a simple yet flavorful pasta dish made with clams.

Pasta and Risotto

Italian cuisine is incomplete without pasta, and Positano offers some of the best. Try the “Scialatielli ai Frutti di Mare,” a homemade pasta dish with a seafood medley. Another favorite is “Risotto al Limone,” a creamy lemon-infused risotto that reflects the region’s citrus heritage.

Italian Desserts

Finish your meal with a classic Italian dessert. “Delizia al Limone” is a lemon delight cake that perfectly balances sweetness and tanginess. Don’t miss out on the local gelato, available in various flavors, perfect for a warm day in Positano.

Best Restaurants in Positano

Fine Dining Options

For an upscale dining experience, head to “La Sponda” at Le Sirenuse Hotel. The restaurant offers a luxurious ambiance and a menu that features the finest ingredients.

Casual Eateries and Cafes

For a more relaxed meal, visit “Chez Black” or “Da Vincenzo,” where you can enjoy traditional dishes in a cozy setting.

Hidden Gems

Explore the less touristy spots like “Il Tridente” and “Caffe Positano” to discover local flavors and friendly atmospheres.

Exploring Local Food Markets

What to Buy and Taste

Visit the local markets to sample and purchase fresh produce, cheeses, and cured meats. The vibrant markets are a feast for the senses and a great place to find unique ingredients.

Best Markets to Visit

The weekly market at Piazza dei Mulini is a must-visit. Here, you can find everything from fresh fruits to handmade pastas and local wines.

Culinary Experiences and Tours

Cooking Classes

Immerse yourself in the local culture by taking a cooking class. Learn to make traditional dishes like gnocchi and tiramisu under the guidance of local chefs.

Wine and Limoncello Tastings

Positano is famous for its limoncello. Join a tasting tour to sample this delicious lemon liqueur along with local wines.

Discover the Best Tours in Amalfi Coast

To make the most of your visit, explore the best tours on the Amalfi Coast. Check out this link for exclusive tour options to enhance your culinary journey.

Savor the Flavors of Positano

Positano’s culinary scene is a journey through the rich flavors of the Mediterranean. From the freshest seafood to delectable desserts, every bite tells a story of tradition and passion. Whether dining at a fine restaurant, exploring a local market, or taking a cooking class, the food in Positano is sure to leave a lasting impression. Don’t miss the chance to indulge in the local cuisine and create delicious memories on the Amalfi Coast.

Are you wondering how to see Rome in three days? What to do and how to fit it all in? You’ve come to the right place!

Rome offers a rich tapestry of history, culture, and cuisine, making it a must-visit destination. However, planning a trip can be overwhelming with so much to see and do. Based on years of experience helping thousands of travelers plan their visits, here is a comprehensive guide to making the most of your 3-day stay in Rome, ensuring you experience the city’s highlights without feeling rushed.

Day 1: Exploring the Historic Center

Morning: Start with Coffee

Begin your Roman adventure like a local with a typical breakfast at a bar (café). Order a cappuccino and a cornetto (Italian croissant), and enjoy it standing at the counter, which is both traditional and cost-effective. If you’re traveling with children, consider fresh-squeezed orange juice or hot chocolate for them.

Spanish Steps

Head to the iconic Spanish Steps, where you can admire the elegant staircase and the stunning views from the top. This area is also perfect for a stroll, exploring the nearby luxury boutiques and charming streets.

Piazza Navona

Next, go to Piazza Navona, a beautiful square boasting stunning Baroque architecture and three magnificent fountains, including the famous Fountain of the Four Rivers by Bernini. Take your time to soak in the lively atmosphere, watch street performers, and perhaps enjoy some gelato.

Trevi Fountain

No trip to Rome is complete without visiting the Trevi Fountain. As the legend goes, toss a coin into the fountain to ensure your return to Rome. The intricate Baroque design and the sound of cascading water make this a mesmerizing spot for photos.

Pantheon

End your day at the Pantheon, one of the best-preserved ancient Roman buildings. Marvel at its impressive dome and the oculus that lets natural light flood the interior. Originally built as a temple to all gods, the Pantheon now serves as a church and houses the tombs of several notable figures.

Day 2: Vatican City

Morning: Vatican Museums and Sistine Chapel

Dedicate your second day to exploring the wonders of Vatican City. Start early at the Vatican Museums to avoid the crowds. Wander through the vast collection of art and historical artifacts, and don’t miss the Sistine Chapel, where you can admire Michelangelo’s breathtaking ceiling frescoes.

Saint Peter’s Basilica

Next, visit Saint Peter’s Basilica, the largest church in the world. Climb to the top of St. Peter’s Dome for a panoramic view of Rome and Vatican City. Inside the basilica, take in the grandeur of the architecture and the masterpieces, including Michelangelo’s Pietà.

Vatican Square

Finish your Vatican tour at St. Peter’s Square, an architectural marvel designed by Bernini. Colonnades surround the expansive square and offers a magnificent view of St. Peter’s Basilica. It’s also the place where large gatherings and papal audiences are held.

Day 3: Ancient Rome

Morning: Colosseum

Begin your final day at the Colosseum, Rome’s most iconic landmark. Step inside this ancient amphitheater to imagine the gladiatorial combats that once took place there. Learn about its history and the Romans’ engineering prowess.

Roman Forum and Palatine Hill

From the Colosseum, explore the Roman Forum, the heart of ancient Rome. Wander among the ruins of temples, basilicas, and public spaces that once buzzed with political and social activity. Climb Palatine Hill for a spectacular view of the Forum and the city.

Capitoline Hill and Via dei Fori Imperiali

Capitoline Hill, one of Rome’s seven hills, offers more stunning views and houses the Capitoline Museums, where you can delve deeper into the city’s ancient history. Stroll down Via dei Fori Imperiali, a grand avenue that connects the Colosseum to Piazza Venezia, lined with important archaeological sites.

Optional: Borghese Gallery

If time permits, a visit to the Borghese Gallery is highly recommended. Located in the beautiful Villa Borghese gardens, this museum houses an exquisite art collection, including works by Caravaggio, Bernini, and Raphael. Due to its popularity, booking tickets in advance is essential.

Practical Tips and Final Thoughts

First-time visitors: Follow the suggested itinerary to cover the essential sights.

Romantic getaway: Spend extra time at the Spanish Steps and Piazza Navona, enjoying romantic strolls and intimate dinners.

Traveling with children: Opt for family-friendly activities like the Villa Borghese gardens or interactive museums like Explora.

Solo travelers: Enjoy the freedom to explore at your own pace, perhaps joining guided tours to meet fellow travelers.

Repeat visitors: Seek out lesser-known attractions and hidden gems to enrich your experience.

For a seamless experience, consider booking a private transfer for your group from any city to Minori through See Amalfi Coast Private Tours. This service ensures comfort and convenience, allowing you to focus on enjoying your trip.

The latest discovery in the servant quarters of the Civita Giuliana villa, which has been under scientific investigation since 2017, has unveiled a remarkably preserved environment. This investigation was initiated after the villa was rescued from illegal excavators through a collaboration between Pompeii Archaeological Park and the Public Prosecutor’s Office of Torre Annunziata. The newly discovered room joins others in the same area that revealed the well-preserved beds of slaves, providing a fascinating glimpse into the life of the ancient Roman underclass.

Extraordinary Preservation Techniques

The villa’s excavation has utilized the plaster casting technique, systematically practiced since 1863. This technique, unique to Pompeii, captures the negative imprints left by organic materials such as wood, fabric, and ropes, which decomposed under layers of volcanic ash. When filled with plaster, these voids reveal the original shapes, offering an exceptional window into the past. This method has produced extraordinary results, including casts of two victims, a horse, and the humble beds in the servant quarters.

A Glimpse into the Past

The newly discovered room expands our understanding of the everyday lives of those seldom mentioned in literary sources. This room contains a bed, work tools, and what appears to be a dismantled frame, possibly from another bed. Among the items identified are baskets, a long rope, pieces of wood, and a saw blade, strikingly similar to traditional saws used until recently. A piece of rope, preserved as an impression in the soil, was also found, which once held the bed frame under tension.

Ongoing Excavation Efforts

While the current excavation funding is nearing its end, the Archaeological Park and the Public Prosecutor’s Office have announced plans to continue their investigations. They aim to utilize funds allocated for excavation campaigns under the Budget Law by the Minister of Culture, Gennaro Sangiuliano.

Minister Sangiuliano emphasized the importance of these ongoing excavations, stating, “The continuous discoveries about the daily lives of ancient Romans made possible by scientific investigations at the Civita Giuliana villa near the Pompeii Archaeological Park strengthen our resolve to continue funding excavation activities. The newly uncovered environments and the recent findings provide valuable insights into the past of a great civilization and honor the professionalism of the archaeological research that has returned to active life in Pompeii. I thank the Public Prosecutor’s Office of Torre Annunziata for their collaboration, which has preserved the Civita Giuliana Villa from the criminal activities of art traffickers and enabled a research path capable of these significant results.”

For those interested in visiting Pompeii and the Campania region, you can book the best transfers and tours through See Amalfi Coast Private Tours, ensuring a comprehensive and enriching travel experience.

Embark on a culinary journey through Rome, sampling traditional dishes and local delicacies. Find out where to enjoy the best pasta, pizza, and gelato in the city.

A Culinary Tour of Rome: best places to eat

Pasta Perfection

Rome is famous for its pasta, and no visit is complete without trying classic dishes like Carbonara, Caccio e pepe, and Amatriciana. Head to Trastevere for authentic Roman cuisine at Da Enzo al 29, or visit Roscioli for a gourmet experience in the city’s heart.

Pizza Heaven

For pizza lovers, Rome offers a unique style that’s distinct from the Neapolitan version. Try Pizzarium for delicious, creative toppings on their famous pizza al taglio (by the slice). For a sit-down experience, head to Emma Pizzeria for a traditional Roman pizza in a cozy setting.

Gelato Galore

No culinary tour of Rome is complete without indulging in gelato. Some of the best spots in the city include Gelateria del Teatro, where you can enjoy artisanal flavors made with fresh ingredients, and Giolitti, one of the oldest and most famous gelaterias in Rome.

Wine and Dine in Rome: The Ultimate Foodie Experience

Discover the best wine bars and gourmet restaurants in Rome. Learn about the local wine culture and the perfect pairings for your Italian meals.

Wine Bars and Gourmet Restaurants

Rome’s vibrant wine culture is best experienced at its many wine bars and gourmet restaurants. Start your evening at Cul de Sac, a historic wine bar with an extensive selection of Italian wines. For a more upscale experience, visit Il Pagliaccio, a Michelin-starred restaurant known for its innovative cuisine and impeccable wine pairings.

Local Wine Culture

Rome’s wine culture is deeply rooted in its history and geography. The nearby regions of Lazio and Tuscany provide a rich variety of wines that perfectly complement Roman cuisine. Try local favorites like Frascati and Cesanese.

Perfect Pairings

Pair your meals with the perfect wine for an unforgettable dining experience. Enjoy a rich Chianti with a hearty pasta dish or a crisp Pinot Grigio with seafood. The knowledgeable staff at Rome’s top restaurants and wine bars will help you find the ideal pairing for your meal.

Discover the Best Tours and Transfers in Rome

Make your culinary adventure memorable with Rome’s best tours and transfers. Explore the city’s culinary hotspots with ease and comfort. Check out the top-rated tours and services at See Amalfi Coast Tours.

Get fashion tips for your summer tour on the Amalfi Coast. Find out what to pack to stay stylish and comfortable while exploring this beautiful region.

Essential summer fashion tips for the Amalfi Coast

Embrace light and breathable fabrics

When visiting the Amalfi Coast in summer, it’s important to choose light and breathable fabrics. Materials such as cotton, linen, and chambray keep you cool in the Mediterranean heat. These fabrics allow air circulation, preventing you from feeling sticky and uncomfortable as you explore charming towns like Positano and Ravello.

Mix and match stylish outfits

Versatility is key when packing for your Amalfi Coast vacation. Opt for pieces that can be mixed and matched to create various outfits. A pair of well-fitted shorts, a few stylish tops, and a versatile dress can go a long way. This approach not only saves space in your luggage but also ensures you have a chic outfit for every occasion, from sightseeing to dining out.

Practical footwear for exploration

Comfortable footwear is essential for navigating the cobblestone streets and steep paths of the Amalfi Coast. Stylish yet practical options include espadrilles, cushioned sandals, and trendy sneakers. These choices provide the support needed for walking tours while keeping your look fashionable.

Chic beachwear for the Amalfi Coast

Swimwear styles

Swimwear is a must for the beautiful beaches and luxurious pools of the Amalfi Coast. Opt for swimsuits that combine style with comfort. High-waisted bikinis, one-pieces with cut-out details, and vibrant patterns are popular choices that make a statement while providing ease of movement.

Cover-Ups and accessories

A stylish cover-up is perfect for transitioning from the beach to beachside cafes. Consider packing a lightweight kaftan, a sarong, or a breezy maxi dress. Complement your look with a wide-brimmed hat, oversized sunglasses, and a tote bag to carry your essentials.

Sun protection essentials

Protecting your skin from the sun’s rays is crucial. Pack a high-SPF sunscreen, a chic hat, and UV-protective sunglasses. These items will keep you safe from sunburn while enhancing your overall look.

Evening wear for the Amalfi Coast

Elegant dresses and outfits

Evenings on the Amalfi Coast call for elegant and stylish attire. A flowy maxi dress, a classy jumpsuit, or a tailored skirt paired with a sophisticated top is perfect for dining out or enjoying a night on the town. Choose light, breathable fabrics that keep you comfortable while exuding elegance.

Accessories to elevate your look

Accessories can transform your evening outfit. Statement jewelry, a stylish clutch, and a pair of elegant sandals or heels can elevate your look. Remember to keep it simple and let one accessory shine to avoid a cluttered appearance.

Packing Guide for a Stylish Amalfi Coast vacation

Must-Have Clothing Items

When packing for your Amalfi Coast vacation, include versatile pieces like:

• Lightweight tops and blouses
• Comfortable shorts and skirts
• A few dresses for different occasions
• Swimwear and cover-ups
• Practical and stylish footwear

Accessories and Essentials

Don’t forget to pack essential accessories and items such as:

• Sunhat and sunglasses
• A light jacket or shawl for cooler evenings
• Travel-sized toiletries and skincare products
• A reusable water bottle to stay hydrated

Your summer tour on the Amalfi Coast can be both stylish and comfortable with the right wardrobe choices. By packing light, breathable fabrics, versatile outfits, and practical accessories, you’ll be ready for any adventure this beautiful region offers. For an unforgettable experience, don’t forget to explore the best tours and transfers available by See Amalfi Coast. Discover more at See Amalfi Coast Tours.

Recent analyses of a charred papyrus found in Herculaneum, entombed by the infamous eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD, have revealed significant new details about Plato and the successive leadership of his Academy in Athens. These findings are part of the “GreekSchools” project, recently highlighted at the National Library of Naples.

One of the most remarkable revelations from this research is the exact location of Plato’s burial site, now identified within a specific garden at the Academia in Athens. This corrects the long-held assumption that he was buried more ambiguously within the Academy’s grounds.
Additionally, the papyrus reveals a previously unknown episode in Plato’s life, indicating he was once sold into slavery on the island of Aegina, likely during the Spartan occupation around 404 BC or soon after the death of Socrates in 399 BC. This challenges the former belief that his enslavement occurred during his visit to Sicily under the rule of Dionysius I of Syracuse in 387 BC.

The “GreekSchools” project, generously supported by the European Research Council (ERC), is a collaborative endeavor led by the University of Pisa and includes contributions from the Institute for Cultural Heritage Sciences (ISPC), the ‘Antonio Zampolli’ Institute of Computational Linguistics (ILC) of the National Research Council, and the National Library of Naples, where the papyrus is preserved.

Book Your Historical Tour of Herculaneum

For those fascinated by these historical insights, consider delving deeper by booking a tour at Herculaneum through See Amalfi Coast Private Tours. Immerse yourself in the profound history and unearthed mysteries of ancient civilizations!